POA/PAIS
In this section, you will find:
1) POA Duties
2) PAIS Duties
3) Guideline for Referral of PACU Patients to ICU/HAU
4) MINS (Myocardial Injury after Non-Cardiac Surgery) Management
5) Anesthesia Consult Request Form
6) New BiPAP/NIPPV in non-critical wards
7) Day Cases (SDA) and Troponin Testing Post-op
Perioperative Anesthesiologist (POA) Duties
POA Priorities:
-
Care of patients in the IPACU/PACU
-
See inpatient anesthesia consultation follow-ups
-
Complete new anesthesia consultations
-
Attend Complex Clinical Case Conferences
PACU Care:
Upon arrival at 13:00, the perioperative anesthesiologist (POA) should meet up with anesthesiologist responsible for the PACU in the morning (PAIS or sometimes D1), and the pager should be handed over. A bedside round should occur on patients in the Intensive PACU (IPACU) in the presence of the nurse in charge (Dianne or Rea), and handover regarding any issues with patients in the regular PACU should be passed on. During the handover, consideration should be given to the following:
-
Does this patients’ post-operative course correspond with what would be expected of their medical co-morbidities and their surgical pathology?
-
Is there anything that would suggest a patient may require an escalation in their care and consideration for ICU consultation?
-
Where is the anticipated discharge disposition?
-
What is the anticipated time of meeting discharge criteria?
-
Any nursing concerns for this patient?
-
Are there any pending investigations, consultations or a need for discussion with surgery that requires follow-up?
It is the responsibility of the POA to round on all IPACU patients, and deal with any issues in their care. A clear care plan needs to be established for every patient. It is the responsibility of the POA to ensure an admission note and regular progress notes are present in the patient’s chart. Any patient that you (or a colleague) deem appropriate for critical care billing requires at least one note. The note should include the patient’s active issues, how these issues are being addressed, and a disposition plan.
The IPACU is a ‘closed unit’ meaning that our department is ultimately responsible for all the orders written. Be attentive to orders written by junior surgical residents that may not be in the best interest for the patient you are caring for. The POA should take an active role in the care of other PACU patients where required, and liaise with the intraoperative anesthesiologist, POPS anesthesiologist, surgeon, and consultation services where applicable, to facilitate timely and optimal patient care.
Early ICU consultations should be requested for critically ill patients in multi-organ failure, or where there is a reasonable chance that the patient would not be ready for PACU discharge in less than 48 hours. If you have any question if a patient is appropriate for the IPACU, please refer to the ICU Referral Guidelines for Patients in the Intensive PACU document (attached) or consult with a colleague. We have a collegial relationship with the ICU. It is encouraged to discuss referrals with either the ICU staff or fellow on for intake directly, and to bypass discussion with residents.
The POA should assist with patient triage from PACU, by maintaining open communication with both the D1/ N1 anesthesiologist and the PACU charge nurse. A handover of the patients in the PACU should be given to the N1 anesthesiologist, identifying all active issues and relaying the current care plan prior to leaving at 21:00.
Perioperative Anesthesia Inpatient Consults and Follow-Ups:
When the POA is satisfied with the status of the patients in PACU, s/he should liaise with the Slater in selecting a manageable number of the most appropriate inpatient consults to be done from the Inpatient Anesthesia Consultation Inbox (on the ledge outside the slating office). This number to complete varies depending on how busy PACU is, whether you have a trainee assigned to POA that day and the seniority level of that trainee.
The POA should also review the Inpatient Anesthesia Consultation Follow-up bin for any follow-up required on previous consults (eg. consultations, echocardiograms, etc.). The POA is responsible for all consultation follow-ups. It is important to follow up on these action items in a timely fashion as a final anesthesia approval may be required before a patient is cleared for the OR. A note should be included in the patient’s chart to make it clear if a patient is suitable to proceed to the OR. Copies of completed consults should be filed in the Completed Anesthesia Consultation bin, with a completed Consultation Summary document attached. Completed consults should not be placed on the white board outside the slating office. An attempt should be made to dictate consultations whenever possible to facilitate uploading onto PCIS.
Complex Patient Care Conference (CPCC):
It will be the responsibility of the POA to represent the department at CPCCs. A CPCC should be considered when one-on-one discussion with key players would be suboptimal to address complex perioperative patient management issues.
When the need for a CPCC is identified during an ACC or inpatient anesthesia consult, the consulting anesthesiologist should complete a CPCC referral form and hand it to Brenda to organize the meeting with the surgeon and subspecialists between the hours of 13:00 and 16:00 M-F. If you are scheduled to the POA position on the day of the meeting, you will be contacted. Every effort should be made to have the anesthesiologist requesting the conference to be in attendance. It is your responsibility to:
-
Familiarize yourself with the case and the key issues
-
Facilitate the meeting
-
Summarize the care management plan on the reverse of the CPCC form
-
Dictate an addendum to the anesthesia consult highlighting the management plan for the patient
-
Place the completed CPCC form in the basket in the back room of the Anesthesia Office.
PAIS Duties
Starting in January 2022, the PAIS position is to be staffed by Regional Anesthesia Anesthesiologists. The primary focus of this position is peri-operative nerve blocks and patient care in the PACU.
Job Description:
-
PACU Care from 7:00 to 13:00. Receiving the unit from N1 and handing off to POA. Hold the POA pager.
-
Facilitate or perform any blocks for patients going through the OR. This includes planning ahead such as looking at the slate the day before and marking patients as "PAIS" as applicable. The usual suspects are the plastics slates, breasts, AV fistulas.
-
Facilitate or perform any Hip blocks: PENG, Fascia Iliacus, femoral. This could take place in ER or require bringing patients down from the ward early or brought down just for the block if surgery is not scheduled. Hip patients are found by checking teletracker and the consult box or checking in with Ortho Trauma.
-
Facilitate or perform any rib fracture related blocks in conjunction with POPS: Serratus Anterior catheter, epidural, PVB, erector spinae. These patients usually require being brought down from trauma ward or consider doing this in BTHA.
-
To be seen as using the "Block Area" bays in our third floor PCC. Any block performed must be monitored for 30 min unless the OR team assumes care prior to that. The 30 min monitoring needs to be done by a PACU level nurse and not a PCC nurse. As there are PACU nursing constraints, the 30 min monitoring may need to be done by Anesthesia or an extender (resident/fellow/AA). Patients are sent back to ward after 30 min, or care assumed by PCC nurse if still waiting for OR.
-
Consults. With emphasis on consults for patients that are being blocked by PAIS.
-
We will not perform epidurals at this time. The only exception is for POPS/Rib fracture patients and PACU level nursing or Pain Nurse available.
-
We can perform artlines if the patient is going to the OR imminently or if they are monitored by Anesthesia team. PCC level nurse are not compatible with artlines.
-
Anesthetic care in and out of OR as demands and needs dictate. Double on cases as clinically indicated.
General Rules:
-
Take care to limit delays for the OR especially the first case of the day. Historically, the first case of the day has been omitted for PAIS. Where possible, use clinical discretion.
-
When doing a block for a patient pre-operatively:
-
Discuss timing with the OR anesthetist/surgeon
-
Ensure PACU charge nurse is aware and that there is adequate RN coverage and work space
-
Ensure PCC nurses are aware to facilitate early check in
-
Ensure OR nursing is aware, to facilitate early surgical check in. This can occur after the block as long as no sedation has been given. Judicious opioids are tolerated.
-
If the limb is not marked, it should be done by PAIS prior to the intervention
-
Ask an AA to lend a helping hand
-
It is a good idea to look at the slate the day before and add "PAIS" to the slating comments to make various parties aware of your intention to perform a PAIS intervention. This is done by calling x 54423
-
Doing Hip blocks in ER: Chat with patient and ER nursing first. Bring AA and machine and everything you need. Ensure the patient is in an area with continuous monitoring capability (ie. not in the hallway). Bring post-block monitoring PPO for ER nurses to follow. Tape block signage to foot of bed indicating you have performed a block. All paperwork can be found in black binder by PACU charge nurse's desk.
PAIS Area Guidelines (June 2021)
-
rules for monitoring
ICU/HAU Referral Guidelines for Patients in the PACU
It is the expectation that all patients admitted to PACU will be well enough for safe transfer out of the unit within 24 hours of admission. The guidelines below were created in collaboration with the VGH critical care department to improve the care of complex post-surgical patients.
The decision to request consultation must be individualized based on the medical condition of the patient, the available resources and the expected clinical trajectory.
Consultation with a critical care physician should be considered for patients with the following criteria:
-
Anticipated course prior to readiness for discharge from PACU to an appropriate ward or step down bed of 24 hours or more
-
One or more new organ dysfunction:
-
Hypoxemic respiratory failure with an Fi02 of >50%
-
New initiation of non-invasive ventilation; for reasons other than OSA or a disease process that is expected to be non-progressive and fully reversible within 24 hours (eg. Negative pressure pulmonary edema, atelectasis related to endobronchial intubation)
-
Shock with persistent or increasing vasopressor requirements
-
Progressive acute renal failure with persistent urine output <0.5cc/kg/hr or SCr > 1.5 baseline
-
Severe delirium or agitation compromising medical management
-
The consultant ICU physicians encourage a direct physician-to-physician phone consultation. They can be reached 24 hours a day through the ICU main desk at 5-4275.
MINS (Myocardial Injury after Non-Cardiac Surgery) Management
Per Dr. Young E-mail March 2021
The era of High Sensitivity Troponin will begin at VGH on Wed. Mar 10, 2021. Our lab will no longer be running the 4th Generation Troponin I assay that we are all accustom too. If you have not seen the attached Email from the Lab concerning this switch, please read it first before taking in the rest of this Email.
I'm writing to set parameters for MINS Surveillance using the new HS-Troponin I, which is subtly different than the algorithm for Chest Pain in the ER.
The first two things to know are:
1) High Sensitivity Troponin reports results in ng/L, rather than the ug/L we have used until now. We will now be reporting Troponin in whole numbers, rather than the decimal numbers we've been used too.
2) Unfortunately, there is no simple conversion or correlation factor for going between previous and High-Sensitivity Troponin. This means that although the conversion factor from ug/L to ng/L is 1000, you can't just use this conversion on Troponins run on two different assays - it is unfortunately not that simple. So, the old cut off of < 0.02ug/L on the old assay does NOT mean that the new assay's cut off is therefore < 20ng/L.
The "Magic" cut-off number for MINS on the new high-sensitivity assay we will be using at VGH is 75ng/L.
This cut-off of 75ng/L applies to MINS Surveillance of patients who will be overnight in hospital for at least one postoperative night and are Asymptomatic for Cardiac Ischemic symptoms or ECG changes that are particularly concerning (clinical judgement). Any such patients who have either an elevated NTproBNP (or BNP) pre-op, or if there is no pre-op BNP they are either ≥ 65years old or have an RCRI score of ≥ 1, then they should have Troponins ordered as per the MINS Protocol - Troponin in PACU, and then Daily X 3.
-
A High-Sensitivity Troponin I < 75ng/L can be considered NEGATIVE for MINS related Troponin elevation in these Asymptomatic post-op patients.
-
A Delta value between two High-Sensitivity Troponin I readings would be considered POSITIVE for MINS if the following two criteria are met for readings ≥ 3 hours apart:
-
-
1) one of the two samples is ≥ 75ng/L.
-
2) the delta value between the two samples is ≥ 5ng/L.
-
-
This means that a Delta of ≥ 5ng/L but absolute values are NOT ≥75ng/L would be considered NEGATIVE for MINS.
Patients who are Symptomatic for Myocardial Ischemia or have ECG changes of concern (a clinical judgement), regardless of their pre-op risk assessment (either with BNP, Age or RCRI), should use the "Interpretive Guidance for High Sensitivity Troponin I at Vancouver Coastal Health", as per the attached memo from the Lab, as a guide to assessing and ordering Troponin results.
Some things to remember and think about:
-
The Debrief near the end of a surgical procedure is the best time to discuss a patient's criteria for Post-Op MINS Surveillance with the Surgical Team.
-
Remember that at VGH, the Surgical Team is responsible for signing the Post-op MINS Surveillance orders. Reminders help to ensure it is done.
-
The Post-op MINS Surveillance Orders PPO will be adjusted to reflect these changes, but the change has been sprung on us in a very short time frame, so IMPCT and Cardiology are in a bit of a scramble to have the algorithms on the PPO changed to reflect these new high-sensitivity cut-offs. Please consider yourself an Educator to the Surgical Teams about this change, and refer them to IMPCT for specifics if they need (wouldn't want to be on that service this week!!!).
-
The magic number for referral directly to Cardiology (rather than to IMPCT) is a HS-Troponin of ≥1000ng/L. Please consider this a guideline only and don't hesitate to discuss any patient with Cardiology if you have concerns despite them not meeting this threshold level.
-
The HS-Tropoinin is sensitive enough to show significant changes between samples taken 3 hours apart. For patients of concern that are needing a repeat Troponin in PACU before deciding on their disposition, you now have the luxury of ordering their next Troponin 3 hours after the previous rather than waiting 4-6 hours.
Some things you probably don't want to know:
-
While VCH will be using this assay, others in Vancouver such as St. Paul's, use a HS-Tropoinin T, who's MINS cut-off is 20ng/L.
-
The two big manufactures of HS-Tropoinin I assay machines are Siemens and Abbott. The MINS cut-offs for these vary any where from 60 to 75ng/L, and are even variable between assays made by the same company but run on different platforms.
-
This all might change within the year, as the Lab tells me they will be switching to a newer HS-Troponin I at some future point, but can't be sure who the distributor will be yet.
BiPAP/NIPPV Pathway: New or Established for non-critical wards (Updated: Feb 2024)
Day Cases (SDA) and Troponin Testing Post-op
There has been several instances of patients having Daycare Procedures under Sedation (no GA or Regional) for whom a troponin has been ordered by Anesthesia post-op. There has been some confusion about where these patients should go following their procedure - PACU vs. PCC.
First, recall that postoperative MINS surveillance is only relevant for patients with greater than 5% risk of MINS based on either RCRI or pre-op BNP, and only for patients that are planned to be in-hospital for at least one night.
If a Troponin is being ordered for Daycare patients it must, by default, be to rule out an acute cardiac event (this may be due to patient developing symptoms of concern, an event of concern during the procedure, or ECG changes) and NOT for MINS surveillance.
Given this, all patients who are having a Troponin drawn following planned Daycare surgery should be in the PACU and on monitor until the Troponin is done and the POA or equivalent has reviewed the case and deemed the patient safe to go to PCC before going home.
If you are doing a Daycare case under sedation only (no GA or Regional) and you feel the patient should have a Troponin done post-procedure, these patients must go to PACU post-procedure, not the PCC. A call to PACU in advance to alert them of the need for such a patient to come to PACU would be much appreciated.
Updated by: Dr. Young Mar 2022